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The potential of site-specific fertilization holds great promise for more efficient fertilizer use, which can make crop production more sustainable. The challenges for farmers to produce food more sustainably are increasing. With site-specific fertilization, the heterogeneity of the soil in the field can be taken into account when applying fertilizer. In this paper, the use of site-specific fertilization is investigated in terms of economic and environmental trade-offs and synergies based on on-farm trials. In total, on-farm-research trials were evaluated on three farms over a period of three years of data collection. The results are compared with uniform fertilization. The effects of site-specific fertilization are calculated economically using cost–benefit analysis in combination with a sensitivity analysis, while the ecological evaluation is carried out using the carbon footprint method. The results show that the yield could be increased by an average of 5.6% with site-specific fertilization. This also has environmental benefits, as more yield is achieved with the same input, which reduces emissions per tonne of grain by 5.1%. Economically, however, there are large uncertainties in balancing the additional costs with the benefits of site-specific fertilization. Taking into account the results of the sensitivity analysis, the additional costs can only be covered in 11 out of 30 cases. The results of the case study show that the use of site-specific fertilization can increase the environmental sustainability of agriculture, regardless of the size of the farm. From an economic point of view, the results show that the size of the farm is decisive for the profitability of site-specific fertilization. The smaller the farm size, the higher the costs per unit associated with the technology.
Die Anwesenheit von Wölfen stellt Weidetierhaltende vor große Herausforderungen. Die Erfahrungen zeigen, dass Übergriffe auf Nutztiere in erster Linie von den vorhandenen Schutzmaßnahmen abhängen. Eine fachgerechte Umsetzung von Herdenschutz mit Zäunen und Herdenschutzhunden, aber auch betriebliche Anpassungen, erhöhen den Schutz der Weidetiere. Eine Analyse des jeweiligen Betriebsrisikos unter Berücksichtigung der Tiergattung, der Herdenstruktur und der Herdenführung kann dabei helfen, langfristige Betriebsanpassungen sinnvoll zu planen. Die Integration von Herdenschutzmaßnahmen in einen Betrieb erfordert zunächst eine Änderung der bisherigen gewohnten Abläufe und Strukturen und bedeutet in der Anfangsphase zusätzlichen Aufwand. Die Kenntnis des typischen Wolfsverhaltens bei der Betrachtung der Weide- und Stallsituation ist hilfreich, um Schwachstellen zu erkennen und Veränderungen anzugehen. Betriebliche Anpassungen, die aus Sicht des Herdenschutzes notwendig werden, können unterstützen, das gesamte betriebliche Herden- und Weidemanagement zu optimieren. Die Änderung der betrieblichen Abläufe muss jedoch für jeden Betrieb individuell gestaltet werden. Die Handreichung richtet sich an Weidetierhalter im Haupt- oder Nebenerwerb. Es werden allgemeine Handlungsempfehlungen für betriebliche Anpassungen im Herdenschutz gegeben. Die Kenntnis tierartspezifischer Maßnahmen für die Einrichtung des Mindestschutzes wird dabei vorausgesetzt. Die empfohlenen Maß- nahmen stützen sich auf nationale und internationale Studien sowie Erfahrungen und Einschätzungen von Herdenschutzberatern und können weiterentwickelt werden. In jedem Kapitel werden Informationen über das Verhalten von Wölfen gegeben, da sich die Herdenschutzmaßnahmen davon ableiten und begründen. Jeder Weidetierhalter kann aus den Empfehlungen Maßnahmen auswählen, die für den eigenen Betrieb als sinnvoll und umsetzbar erachtet werden.
Market-based instruments (MBIs) for the protection and promotion of biodiversity have gained significant importance in recent years. The success of MBIs depends largely on the transparent presentation of their actual effects, which rely on the quality of implementation. Quality criteria can be used to evaluate this. To date, few studies have examined whether and how these criteria are applied. This study seeks to address this gap, by using MBIs in the German agricultural landscape as a case study. Quality criteria were defined on the basis of a literature review; then applied to MBIs identified through an internet search and finally analyzed. Quality criteria related to methodological approaches (implementation, maintenance, used seed mixtures) and quality control (monitoring, localization) are presented less frequently than information on rights and obligations or the use of financial funds. Among the 151 MBIs analyzed, 70% lack control mechanisms and monitoring systems, indicating unverified effectiveness. Additionally, MBIs financed through program approaches are more likely to have control mechanisms and include perennial measures than MBIs funded by direct payments of sponsors or consumers purchasing a product. The development of MBI offerings suggests that there is persistent and growing demand, as some programs have been running for several decades. However, without ecological monitoring, it is not possible to ascertain whether these measures benefit biodiversity. To establish standardized methods for comparing MBIs for biodiversity, policymakers must consider official guidelines and, where appropriate, implement regulatory frameworks
Growth in planted areas of Miscanthus for biomass in Europe has stagnated since 2010 due to technical challenges, economic barriers and environmental concerns. These limitations need to be overcome before biomass production from Miscanthus can expand to several million hectares. In this paper, we consider the economic and environmental effects of introducing seed based hybrids as an alternative to clonal M. x giganteus (Mxg). The impact of seed based propagation and novel agronomy was compared with current Mxg cultivation and used in 10 commercially relevant, field scale experiments planted between 2012 and 2014 in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Ukraine. Economic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions costs were quantified for the following production chain: propagation, establishment, harvest, transportation, storage, and fuel preparation (excluding soil carbon changes). The production and utilization efficiency of seed and rhizome propagation were compared. Results show that new hybrid seed propagation significantly reduces establishment cost to below £900 ha-1. Calculated GHG emission costs for the seeds established via plugs, though relatively small, was higher than rhizomes because fossil fuels were assumed to heat glasshouses for raising seedling plugs (5.3 and 1.5 kg CO2 eq. C Mg [dry matter (DM)]-1), respectively. Plastic mulch film reduced establishment time, improving crop economics. The breakeven yield was calculated to be 6 Mg DM ha-1 y-1, which is about half average United Kingdom yield for Mxg; with newer seeded hybrids reaching 16 Mg DM ha-1 in second year United Kingdom trials. These combined improvements will significantly increase crop profitability. The trade-offs between costs of production for the preparation of different feedstock formats show that bales are the best option for direct firing with the lowest transport costs (£0.04 Mg-1 km-1) and easy on-farm storage. However, if pelleted fuel is required then chip harvesting is more economic. We show how current seed based propagation methods can increase the rate at which Miscanthus can be scaled up; ∼×100 those of current rhizome propagation. These rapid ramp rates for biomass production are required to deliver a scalable and economic Miscanthus biomass fuel whose GHG emissions are ∼1/20th those of natural gas per unit of heat.
The development of models to predict yield potential and quality of a Miscanthus crop must consider climatic limitations and the duration of growing season. As a biomass crop, yield and quality are impacted by the timing of plant developmental transitions such as flowering and senescence. Growth models are available for the commercially grown clone Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg), but breeding programs have been working to expand the germplasm available, including development of interspecies hybrids. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of diverse germplasm beyond the range of environments considered suitable for a Miscanthus crop to be grown. To achieve this, six field sites were planted as part of the EU OPTIMISC project in 2012 in a longitudinal gradient from West to East: Wales—Aberystwyth, Netherlands—Wageningen, Stuttgart—Germany, Ukraine—Potash, Turkey—Adana, and Russia—Moscow. Each field trial contained three replicated plots of the same 15 Miscanthus germplasm types. Through the 2014 growing season, phenotypic traits were measured to determine the timing of developmental stages key to ripening; the tradeoff between growth (yield) and quality (biomass ash and moisture content). The hottest site (Adana) showed an accelerated growing season, with emergence, flowering and senescence occurring before the other sites. However, the highest yields were produced at Potash, where emergence was delayed by frost and the growing season was shortest. Flowering triggers varied with species and only in Mxg was strongly linked to accumulated thermal time. Our results show that a prolonged growing season is not essential to achieve high yields if climatic conditions are favorable and in regions where the growing season is bordered by frost, delaying harvest can improve quality of the harvested biomass.